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Characterization and Remediation of Fractured Rock

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 Characterizing Fractured Rock
1.2 Comparing Unconsolidated Porous Media CSMs and Fractured Rock CSMs
1.3 21- Compartment Model
1.4 Value of Investigation
2 Geology
2 Geology Overview
2.1 Elements of Terrane Analysis
2.2 Benefits of Terrane Information for the Initial CSM
2.3 Terrane Analysis Case Study
2.4 Terrane Analysis Summary
3 Hydrology
3 Hydrology: Fluid Flow Overview
3.1 Fractured Rock Characteristics
3.2 Fluid Dynamics
3.3 Vapors in Fractured Rock
3.4 Role of Scale in Fractured Rock Fluid Flow
4 Chemistry
4 Chemistry: Fate and Transport Overview
4.1 Fate and Transport Mechanisms
4.2 Contaminant Properties Affecting Fate and Transport
5 Site Characterization
5 Site Characterization Overview
5.1 Review and Refine Existing CSM
5.2 Define the Problem
5.3 Identify Significant Data Gaps
5.4 Define Data Collection Objectives and Design Data Collection Process
5.5 Select Investigation Tools
5.6 Develop and Implement Work Plan
5.7 Manage, Interpret, and Present Data
5.8 Lessons Learned
6 Remediation Design
7 Monitoring
8 Modeling Fractured Rock
9 Stakeholder Perspectives
10 Regulatory Challenges
11 Case Studies
11 Case Studies Overview
11.1 Former Industrial Site, Greenville, South Carolina
11.2 Solvents Recovery Service of New England, Inc., Superfund Site, Southington, Connecticut
11.3 Characterization of Fractured Bedrock, United Kingdom
Appendix A. Karst Terranes
Appendix B. Bedrock Types
Appendix C. Drilling
Appendix D. The 21-Compartment Model
Additional Information
Glossary
References
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Characterization and Remediation in Fractured Rocks
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Acronyms

1,1,1-TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1-DCE 1,1, dichloroethene
2D, 3D two dimensional, three dimensional
AC activated carbon
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AFB Air Force Base
AFCEC Air Force Civil Engineer Center (formerly AFCEE)
AFCEE Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (changed to AFCEC)
cc cubic centimeter
cDCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (SuperFund)
CF chloroform
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cis-1,2-DCE or cis-DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
Cl Chlorine
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COC contaminant of concern
COD chemical oxygen demand
COPC contaminant of potential concern
CPT cone penetrometer testing
CSM conceptual site model
CT carbon tetrachloride
Cu Copper
CVOC chlorinated volatile organic compound
CWA Clean Water Act
DBMS data base management system
DCA Dichloroethane
DCE dichloroethene
DDD dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
DDE dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DDX dimethyl dioxane
DEC Department of Conservation
DEP Department of Environmental Protection
DGM digital geophysical mapping
DIC Dissolved inorganic carbon
DL detection level
DNAPL dense nonaqueous phase liquid
DO dissolved oxygen
DOC dissolved organic carbon
DOD U.S. Department of Defense
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT Department of Transportation
DPT direct-push technology
DQO data quality objective
DQOs data quality objectives
ECOS Environmental Council of the States
EDB 1,2-dibromoethane
Eh oxidation-reduction potential
EMD Environmental molecular diagnostics
EMI electromagnetic induction
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERH Electrical resistance heating
ERIS Environmental Research Institute of the States
ESTCP Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
FID flame ionization detector
Foc fraction of organic carbon
g Gram
GAC granular activated carbon
GC gas chromatography/chromatograph
GC/ECD Gas chromatograph/electron capture detector
GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
GIS geographic information systems
GPS Global Positioning System
GW groundwater
GWSDAT Groundwater Spatiotemporal Data Analysis Tool
H Hydrogen
Hg mercury
HPT hydraulic profiling tool
IBT internet-based training
IC institutional control
IDSS integrated DNAPL site strategy
ISB in situ bioremediation
ISC integrated site characterization
ISCO in situ chemical oxidation
ISCR in situ chemical reduction
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
KDHE Kansas Department of Health and Environment
L Liter
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
LIF laser induced fluorescence
LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
LNAPL Light nonaqueous phase liquid
M molar
MassDEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
MDEQ Montana Department of Environmental Quality
mg Milligrams
MGP manufactured gas plant
MiHpt membrane interface probe hydraulic profiling tool
MIP membrane interface probe
mL Milliliter
MLE multiple lines of evidence
MNA monitored natural attenuation
MNR monitored natural recovery
Mo Molybdenum
MS mass spectrometry
MW monitoring well
N Nitrogen
NAPL nonaqueous phase liquid
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command
ND nondetect
NFA no further action
NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRC National Research Council
NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
O Oxygen
O&M operation and maintenance
OC organic carbon
OM&M operation, maintenance and monitoring
ORP oxidation reduction potential
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSWER USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OTV Overlay Transport Visualization
OU operable unit
OVA organic vapor analyzer
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PAH petroleum halogenated hydrocarbon
Pb Lead
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCE perchloroethene (tetrachloroethylene)
PCP pentachlorophenol
PDB polyethylene diffusion bag
PDBS passive diffusion bag samplers
PID photoionization detector
PIG pipeline inspection gauge
PITT partitioning Interwell tracer test
POC point of compliance
Q quantitative
QA quality assurance
QA/QC quality assurance/quality control
QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan
QC quality control
QL qualitative
RAO remedial action objective
RBCA risk-based corrective action
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RI Remedial Investigation
RI/FS remedial investigation/feasibility study
ROD record of decision
ROI return on investigation
RP responsible party
S Sulfur
SAP sampling and analysis plan
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SG specific gravity
SIM selective ion monitoring
SIMS Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
SIP stable isotope probe
SMART specific, measureable, attainable, relevant, time-bound (referring to goals)
SPI sediment profiling imaging
SQ Semiquantitative
SRB sulfate-reducing bacteria
SVE soil vapor extraction
SVOC semivolatile organic compound
TBA tert-butyl alcohol, an oxygenate
TBEE tert-butyl-ethyl ether, an oxygenate
TBT tributyltin
TCA trichloroethane
TCD thermal conductivity detector
TCE trichloroethylene
TCE trichloroethene
tceA gene trichloroethene reductive dehalogenase
TCFE Trichlorofluoroethylene
TCH Thermal conductance heating
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TMB trimethylbenzene
TMO Toluene monooxygenase
TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
TOC total organic carbon
TOD Toluene 2,3-dixoygenase
TPH total petroleum hydrocarbons
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSS total suspended solids
TVOC total volatile organic compounds
ug Micrograms
USDOE U.S. Department of Energy
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
UST underground storage tank
VC Vinyl Chloride
vcrA Vinyl chloride reductase (varietal A), a reductive dehalogenase gene
VFAs Volatile Fatty Acids
VI vapor intrusion
VOC volatile organic compound
Zn Zinc
ZVI zero-valent iron
μg/m3 microgram per cubic meter

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